STRUCTURES
An
array is a collection of elements of similar type. Many a times we need to
group multiple types of data into a single entity. To do this, we use
structures.
Ex: students
details: sno, sname, age, course, fee
Employee
details: eno, ename, age, basic
If it is an array we have to take
number of arrays like sno to hold all sno’s, and sname to hold all sname, age
to hold all of the ages which is time consuming it increases the code, etc. in
such situations we declare a structure which is capable of holding all these
items in a single entity.
STRUCTURE is a collection of variables under a single
name. A structure is a collection of hetrogenious elements.
Declaration of a structure
General format: struct
tag_name
{
datatype
member1;
datatype
member2;
----
----
};
Ex: struct
student
{
int
sno,age,fee;
char
sname[20],course[20];
};
This
time no memory will be allocated to structure. This is only the definition of
structure that tells that there exists a user-defined data type student. Using
this structure we have to create the structure variables:
Struct student s1,s2,s3;
Or
struct
student
{
int
sno,age,fee;
char
sname[20],course[20];
}s1,s2,s3;
At this point, we have created 3
instances or structure variables of user-defined datatype student. Now memory
will be allocated. The amount of memory allocated will be the sum of all data
members which form part of the structure.
S1 occupies(2+2+2+20+20)=46 bytes
S2 occupies(2+2+2+20+20)=46 bytes
S3 occupies(2+2+2+20+20)=46 bytes
Totally it occupies 138 bytes
Initialization
of structure
The structure initialization is
followed by an (=) sign & a list of initialization values separated by
commas & enclosed in braces
struct
student
{
int
sno,age,fee;
char
sname[20],course[20];
}s1={1,23,15000,”XYZ”,”BSc”};
They are placed in the structure
members in the order in which the members are listed in structure definition.
Accessing members of a structure
Structure
members are accessed using the structure member operator(.) also called dot
operator, between the structure name and member name.
Syntax: structure variable.member name;
Ex: struct
student
{
int
sno,age,fee;
char
sname[20],course[20];
}s1;
s1.sno=23;
//accessing structure member
s1.sname=”gvp”;
//storing & retrieving values from structure
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct student
{
int rno,marks;
char
name[20];
};
void main()
{
struct
student s1;
clrscr();
printf("Enter
the roll no:");
scanf("%d",&s1.rno);
printf("\nEnter
the name:");
scanf("%s",&s1.name);
printf("\nEnter
the marks:");
scanf("%d",&s1.marks);
printf("\nRoll
No is %d",s1.rno);
printf("\nName
is %s",s1.name);
printf("\nMarks
are %d",s1.marks);
getch();
}
Output
Enter the roll no:234
Enter the name:gvp
Enter the marks:65
Roll No is 234
Name is gvp
Marks are 65
Structures with arrays
It is possible to declare an array of structures. The
array will have individual structures as its elements.
Syntax:
struct person struct person
{ {
char
name[25]; OR char
name[25];
float
salary; float
salary;
}per[10]; };
struct
person per[10];
Here per is an array of 10 person
structures.
Accessing elements in array of structures
In the above example, if you want to
access the 5th structure, we can use the statement:
per[4];
per[4].name; //access the name of 5th structure
per[0].name[5]; //access 6th character of 1
structure name member
per[2].salary //access the salary of 3rd structure
Initializing array of structures
We can initialize an array of
structures in the same way as a single structure.
Ex:
struct person
{
char
name[25];
float
salary;
};
struct person per[3]=
{
“mahesh”,3000,
“arjun”,5000,
“rana”,3445
};
Thus, per[0] will be assigned to the first set, per[1] to
the second and so on.
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct empl
{
int eno;
char name[20];
};
void main()
{
struct
empl e1[10];
int
n,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter
the no of employees:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter
the %d empno and name:",i+1);
scanf("%d%s",&e1[i].eno,e1[i].name);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Empno
and name is:%d\t%s\n",e1[i].eno,e1[i].name);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter the
no of employees:3
Enter the 1
empno and name:1 gvp
Enter the 2
empno and name:2 gvp1
Enter the 3
empno and name:3 gvp2
Empno and
name is:1 gvp
Empno and
name is:2 gvp1
Empno and
name is:3 gvp2
Structures with functions
C
supports the passing of structure values as arguments to functions in three
methods:
- Pass
each member of the structure as an actual argument. But this becomes
unmanageable and inefficient when the structure size is large.
- Pass
the copy of an entire structure to the called function. Any changes to the
structure members in the called function will not affect the actual
structure. It is therefore necessary for the function to return the entire
structure back to the calling function.
- Pass
the address of a structure to the called function. This is similar to the
way arrays are passed to functions.
General form of sending a copy
of a structure to the called function is:
Syntax: function_name(structure
variable_name)
Called
function takes the following form:
Data_type
function_name(st_name)
struct_type st_name;
{
-----
-----
return(expression);
}
Structures with pointers
The address of a given structure variable can be obtained
by using & operator.
Ex: &per
Per is a structure variable. Thus &per gives the
address of this structure.
Arrow operator -> is used to access a field through a pointer to a
structure.
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct student
{
int rno;
char
name[20];
float
fee;
};
void main()
{
struct
student s1,*p; //p is a pointer to the structure student
clrscr();
p=&s1;
printf("Enter
the roll no:");
scanf("%d",&s1.rno);
printf("\nEnter
the name:");
scanf("%s",&s1.name);
printf("\nEnter
the fees:");
scanf("%f",&s1.fee);
printf("\nRoll
No is %d",p->rno);
printf("\nName
is %s",p->name);
printf("\nFees
are %.2f",p->fee);
getch();
}
Organization in memory
|
|
123
|
Gvp
|
25000.00
|
Values
|
|
100 (&s1)
|
Rno
|
Name
|
Fee
|
Members
|
|
P (=&s1=100)
|
100
|
102
|
122
|
Addresses
|
|
222 address of p
|
S1
|
S1
|
S1
|
Structure variable
|
Output
Enter the roll no:123
Enter the name:gvp
Enter the fees:25000.00
Roll No is 123
Name is gvp
Marks are 25000.00
Structures within Structures
Structure within a structure is called as nested structures.
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct address
{
int dno;
char
city[20];
};
struct student
{
int rno;
char
name[20];
float fee;
struct
address a; //structure within structure
};
void main()
{
struct
student s1;
clrscr();
printf("Enter
the roll no:");
scanf("%d",&s1.rno);
printf("\nEnter
the name:");
scanf("%s",s1.name);
printf("\nEnter
the fees:");
scanf("%f",&s1.fee);
printf("\nEnter
the Door No:");
scanf("%d",&s1.a.dno);
printf("\nEnter
the city:");
scanf("%s",s1.a.city);
printf("\nRoll
No is %d",s1.rno);
printf("\nName
is %s",s1.name);
printf("\nFees
is %.2f",s1.fee);
printf("\nDno
is %d",s1.a.dno);
printf("\nCity
is %s",s1.a.city);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter the roll no:123
Enter the name:sreya
Enter the fees:25000.00
Enter the Door No:4245
Enter the city:vsp
Roll No is 123
Name is sreya
Fees is 25000.00
Dno is 4245
City is vsp
typedef
typedef is a keyword which is used to define an alias name
for a datatype.
Ex:
typedef int length;
Length becomes an alias name to int and variables can be
declared by using the new type name that has been created.
Length l1,l2;
Now l1,l2 is a variables of type
length which is nothing but an alias name for int.
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
typedef
int gvp;
gvp
a=45,b=45;
printf("Sum=%d",a+b);
getch();
}
Output
Sum=90
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